This dataset was compiled from the Penn World Tables and other sources

 

by Adalmir Marquetti, April 18, 2004.

 

How to Use the Data

 

When you click on the "Download" link, the file will be downloaded to your browser. At this point save the file to your hard disk in a directory and with a name you choose.

 

The data files are text files representing spreadsheets in "text" form. Each row of the spreadsheet ends with a carriage return, and the individual entries are separated by tabs. Once you have downloaded the file to your own computer, most spreadsheet programs will open these files directly. In some cases you may have to "import" the spreadsheet.

 

Each row of the spreadsheet contains the following variables:

 

1. Id_  Country identifier

2. Country _  Country in the data set. The countries included are: ANGOLA, ARGENTINA, AUSTRALIA, AUSTRIA, BANGLADESH, BARBADOS, BELGIUM, BENIN, BOLIVIA, BOTSWANA,  BRAZIL,  BURKINA FASO, BURUNDI, CAMEROON, CANADA, CAPE VERDE IS., CENTRAL AFR. R., CHAD, CHILE, CHINA, COLOMBIA, COMOROS, CONGO, CONGO (DEM. REPUBLIC), COSTA RICA, COTE d' IVOIRE, CYPRUS, DENMARK, DOMINICA, DOMINICAN REP., ECUADOR, EGYPT, EL SALVADOR, ETHIOPIA, FIJI, FINLAND, FRANCE, GABON, GAMBIA, GERMANY, GHANA, GREECE, GRENADA, GUATEMALA, GUINEA, GUINEA-BISSAU, GUYANA, HAITI, HONDURAS, HONG KONG, HUNGARY, ICELAND, INDIA, INDONESIA, IRAN, IRELAND, ISRAEL, ITALY, JAMAICA, JAPAN, JORDAN, KENYA, KOREA (REP. of), LESOTHO, LUXEMBOURG, MADAGASCAR, MALAWI, MALAYSIA, MALI, MAURITANIA, MAURITIUS, MEXICO, MOROCCO, MOZAMBIQUE, NAMIBIA, NEPAL, NETHERLANDS, NEW ZELAND, NICARAGUA, NIGER, NIGERIA, NORWAY, PAKISTAN, PANAMA, PAPUA N. GUINE, PARAGUAY, PERU, PHILIPPINES, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROMANIA, RWANDA, SENEGAL, SEYCHELLES, SIERRA LEONE, SINGAPORE, SOUTH AFRICA, SPAIN, SRI  LANKA, St. VINCENT & GRENADINES, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, SYRIA, TAIWAN, TANZANIA, THAILAND, TOGO, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, TUNISIA, TURKEY, UGANDA, UNITED KINGDOM, URUGUAY, USA, VENEZUELA, ZAMBIA, and ZIMBABWE.

3. Year_ Years covered in the data set.

4. Quality_ Quality rating of the country data in PWT.

5. Pop(000s)_ Population in thousands [1000].

6. N_ Number of employed workers.

7. Fertility_  Total fertility rate per woman.

8. Birth_ Crude birth rate [per 1000 population].

9. Mortality_ Crude death rate [per 1000 population].

10. X_ Real Gross Domestic Product  in 1996 purchasing power parity (Chain Index).

11. K_ Our estimated net fixed standardized capital stock.

12. D_ Estimated depreciation from our net fixed standardized capital stock.

13. Delta(%)_ Depreciation rate.

14. d_ Estimated depreciation per worker.

15. k_ Capital-labor ratio.

16. x_ Labor productivity expressed in real GDP in 1996 purchasing power parity per worker.

17. rho_ Productivity of capital (output-capital ratio).

18. x(fc) _ Labor productivity corrected for the business cycle.

19. rho(fc)_ Productivity of capital corrected for the business cycle.

20. ws_ Wage share in the GDP.

21. w_ Average real wage.

22.  v(%)_ Gross profit rate.

23. i_ Investment per worker-year.

24. c_ Social consumption per worker-year.

25. gX(%)_ Growth rate of GDP calculated between the year t and the year t-5

26. chi(%)_ Growth rate of capital productivity calculated between the year t and the year t-5.

27. gamma(%)_ Growth rate of labor productivity calculated between the year t and the year t-5.

 

Appendix: Data Source and Methodology

 

This appendix presents the data source and a description of the methodology used to calculate the data set. The aim is to allow its users not only to reproduce the data but also to make improvements to it. The data source utilized is, basically, the Penn World Table 6.1 _ PWT 6.1. The PWT 6.1 displays for 168 countries a basic set of national accounts, relative prices, and demographic data which allows comparisons between countries and over time.

 

The PWT 6.1 covers the 1950-2000 period for some countries and for others it starts after 1950 and/or finishes before 2000. For the list of variables and the exposition of the PWT methodology, see Summers, Heston, Aten (2001). The PWT 6.1 was downloaded from http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu on 11/22/2003.

 

The procedures to calculate the variables that compose this data set and are not obtained directly in the PWT 6.1 are described below.

 

The variable N represents the number of workers. It is obtained dividing the variable X by the real GDP per worker, RGDPW, in the PWT 5.v.6.

 

The variable fertility is the total fertility rate per woman. The variable birth is the crude birth rate per 1000 population. The variable mortality is the crude death rate per 1000 population. The source for these variables are:

United Nations. World Population Prospects: the 1998 Revision. New York: United Nations, v. 1, 1999. 

 

The variable X ($/year) represents the GDP in 1996 purchasing power parity (1996 PPP). It is obtained multiplying the variables population and the real GDP per capital in 1996 PPP (chain index), respectively, pop (000s) and rgdpch in PWT 6.1.  The result is multiplied by 1000.

 

The variable K  ($/year) is our estimated net fixed standardized capital stock. It is obtained by the Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM) using the investment series computed from the variable real investment share (ki) of GDP presented in the PWT 6.1. There are two major problems in our attempt to estimate the capital stock that involves strong simplifications. First, the investment data is not presented by categories of gross fixed capital formation and it includes the gross residential capital formation as well as change in stocks. Second, the investment variable is reported for a short period of time. The solution for these problems is to consider not only that all categories of gross capital formation have the same asset life, but also that the asset life is very short.

 

The PIM procedure employed follows Charles Hulton and Frank Wycoff (1981). The depreciation takes a geometric form. Hulton and Wycoff (1981, p. 94) calculated the rate of depreciation (d) with the expression (d= R/T) where R is the factor that defines the degree of declining balance due to depreciation, and T is the average asset life. The average value found by Hulton and Wycoff (1981) for R is 1.65 for equipment categories, and 0.91 for structure categories. The R employed for us is 1.05. It was calculated considering that equipment categories represent 20 percent and structure categories 80 percent of the gross capital formation. The asset life considered was 14 years, hence the depreciation rate was 7.5 percent. The net capital stock was computed using the expression , i = 1, Š, 14,  where I is the investment series calculated from the variables real investment share of GDP, real GDP per capita in constant dollars (chain index), and population in the PWT 6.1. The first observation for capital stock is 1963 for countries whose first observation for investment is 1950.

 

Our capital stock estimate is the cumulated, depreciated sum of the past aggregate investment. Certain problems are inherent in this attempt to extend the PWT data. First, there is the problem of data quality on investment of the PWT table. Srinivasan (1995) calls the attention for this problem. Second, our methodological procedure implies in considering a common and high rate of depreciation across countries. However, the assumption of common rate of depreciation or common asset life is considered a first step to enhance international comparability of capital stock estimates (Peter Groote, Ronald Albers, and Herman de Jong, 1996). The effect of using a short service life is to understate the size of capital stock and to increase the variance of the capital stock growth rate. But, as Blades (1993, p. 404) remarks the "use of erroneous service lives does not introduce any systematic bias into capital stock growth rates".

 

The variable D is the estimated depreciation from our net fixed standardized capital stock, calculated as Dt = Kt-1 + It - Kt.

 

The variable delta(%) is calculated by the ratio between depreciation and net capital stock.

 

The variable k is the capital labor ratio calculated as the ratio of the estimated capital stock to the variable N.

 

The variable x represents labor productivity. It is the variable real GDP per worker-year, RGDPW, in the PWT 6.1.

 

The variable "rho" is the productivity of capital (output-capital ratio). It was obtained dividing X per the estimated capital stock.

 

The variable x(fc) is the labor productivity corrected for the business cycle. Local regression, a non-parametric method, was employed to filter the data.

 

The variable "rho(fc)" is the productivity of capital corrected for the business cycle. Local regression, a non-parametric method, was employed to filter the data.

 

The wage share (WS) is share of the employee compensation in the Gross Domestic Product. It was calculated in current prices of the local currency. The computation of the wage share is based on the following sources:

for 1963-1980:

Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics 1980, Vol. II International tables. United Nations: New York, 1982;

for 1970-1986:

National Accounts Statistics: Analysis of Main Aggregates, 1986. United Nations: New York, 1989 and

National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables, 1986. United Nations, 1989. New York;

for 1986-1990:

National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables, 1992. United Nations, 1994;

for 1991-1998:

National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables, 1998. United Nations, 2001.

 

The variable w is the real average wage. It is calculated multiplying the wage share by X and then dividing by N.

 

The variable v(%)  is the profit rate calculated using our estimates of the capital stock. It is obtained applying the following expression:

v = 100*(1 - WS)*rho

 

The variable i is the investment per worker. It is obtained using the investment series computed from the variable real investment share (ki) of GDP presented in the PWT 6.1. It is the total investment divided by N. 

 

The variable c is the social consumption per worker. It is obtained as x less i. The variable c includes the net government consumption and the net foreign balance.

 

The variable gX(%) is the growth rate of GDP from year t to t-5.

 

The variable chi is the growth rate of capital productivity from year t to t-5.

 

The variable gamma is the growth rate of labor productivity from year t to t - 5.

 

References:

 

Blades, Derek. 1993. Comparing capital stocks. In Explaining economic growth: essays in honor of Angus Maddison, eds. Adam Szirmai, bar Van Ark, and Dirk Pilat. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Groote, Peter, Ronald Albers, and Herman de Jong, 1996. A Standardised Time Series of the Stock of Fixed Capital in the Netherlands, 1900-1995. Research Memorandum, University of Groningen.

Hulton, Charles and Frank Wycoff (1981). 

OECD. (2000).  Historical Statistics: 1970/1999. Paris.

Summers, Robert, Allen Heston. and Bettina Aten. 2001. Penn World Table Version 6.1, Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP), December 2001.